Advanced Chemistry – Reaction Mechanisms, Titration & Complex Ions
ChemistryApplied & Practical ChemistryAges 17–18
Loading…
Sign in to playThree advanced chemistry topics in one model, selected with the topic parameter. The reaction mechanisms tab animates the SN2 and SN1 substitution pathways and electrophilic addition to an alkene, alongside an energy diagram showing activation energy and reaction intermediates. The acid–base titration tab adds NaOH from a burette into HCl drop by drop, builds the pH curve, and turns phenolphthalein pink at the equivalence point, while the complex ions tab adds ligands to a metal ion and shows how coordination number, geometry and solution colour change.
Lesson: Reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry; acid–base titration practical; introduction to complex ions
What it shows
Three advanced topics share one idea here: chemical change is explained by what happens to particles and electron pairs. In the mechanism topic, SN2 is a single concerted step with inversion of configuration, while SN1 and electrophilic addition to ethene pass through a carbocation, so the energy profile has two peaks and the slow first step controls the rate. The titration topic applies n = c·V to a strong acid–strong base neutralisation, and the complex ion topic links coordination number to octahedral, square planar or tetrahedral geometry and to the colour of the solution.
How to use
Choose the Current topic first. For mechanisms, change the Reaction mechanism and press Run to step through each stage while reading the energy diagram. For titration, set the HCl concentration in the flask and the NaOH concentration in the burette, drag sideways to add NaOH or press Add to equivalence point, and follow the pH curve and the indicator colour. For complex ions, use Change complex to compare the three geometries and colours.
Parameters you can change
- Current topic 1. Organic reaction mechanisms, 2. Practical: acid–base titration, 3. Complex ions
- Reaction mechanism SN2 substitution (CH₃Br + OH⁻), SN1 substitution ((CH₃)₃CBr + OH⁻), Electrophilic addition (CH₂=CH₂ + HBr)
- HCl concentration in the flask (25.0 mL) 0.02–0.5 M
- NaOH concentration in the burette 0.02–0.5 M
- Complex ion studied [Cu(OH₂)₆]²⁺ – octahedral, pale blue, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ – square planar, deep blue, [CoCl₄]²⁻ – tetrahedral, blue
Questions to explore
- How many steps does SN1 have compared with SN2, and which step determines the rate of the SN1 reaction?
- If you double the HCl concentration while keeping the NaOH concentration fixed, how does the equivalence volume change?
- What is the coordination number of copper in [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺, and which geometry does it give?
