Geography simulations
88 interactive Geography simulations for ages 11–18, grouped by topic.
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Thematic maps – choropleth, dot, isoline, class breaks and scale
Geography · Maps & Mapping
One census of a fictional continent (population density, unemployment rate and daily commuters) can be drawn as a...
Ages 15–16
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2D + 3D
Contour lines and cross-sections – reading a topographic map in 2D and 3D
Geography · Maps & Mapping
A computer-generated landscape 4 km × 2.5 km (hills, a saddle, a valley, a ridge, a cliff) is drawn as a topographic...
Ages 11–12
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GIS layers and remote sensing – overlay, buffers, NDVI and change detection
Geography · Maps & Mapping
A fictional 12 km × 8 km river valley with synthetic data: switch on and overlay layers for an aerial image, relief...
Ages 15–16
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Map projections – cylindrical, conic, azimuthal and distortion
Geography · Maps & Mapping
Earth's curved surface is flattened using three projections: the normal cylindrical (preserves angles and shapes but...
Ages 15–16
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Map scale and geographic coordinates – measuring distance on a map
Geography · Maps & Mapping
A hand-drawn map (river, road, village, school, lake, hill) with a latitude–longitude grid and a scale bar. Students...
Ages 11–12
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3D
Latitude, longitude and great circles – coordinates and the shortest flight route on a 3D globe
Geography · Maps & Mapping
A 3D globe with a latitude–longitude grid, the Equator, the prime meridian, both tropics and both polar circles,...
Ages 15–16
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2D + 3D
Earth's Motion – Day, Night, Time Zones and Seasons
Geography · Earth in Space
On the left, Earth orbits the Sun with its axis tilted 23.5° and always pointing the same direction; drag Earth...
Ages 11–12
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Measuring the Earth like Eratosthenes – Shadows and Parallel Sunlight
Geography · Earth in Space
Sunlight reaches Earth as almost parallel rays. At noon, vertical sticks at two places on the same meridian make...
Ages 11–12
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Earth's time zones – the International Date Line and day length
Geography · Earth in Space
A hand-drawn world map splits into 24 time zones (15° of longitude each), with the 0° prime meridian and the 180°...
Ages 15–16
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3D
Axial Tilt and the Seasons 3D – Orbit, Day Length and Sun Angle
Geography · Earth in Space
A rotatable 3D model of Earth moving along its true elliptical orbit, with the axis tilted 23.44° and always...
Ages 15–16
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Community El Niño and La Niña: the Pacific see-saw
Geography · Earth in Space
A cross-section of the equatorial Pacific from Indonesia to Peru shows trade winds, the warm pool, the sloping...
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Stream Table Lab – Erosion, Transport, Deltas and Freeze–Thaw
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A virtual stream table seen from above. Set the water flow, the slope, the sediment and earlier freeze–thaw cycles,...
Ages 15–16
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Coastal Processes – Landforms and Management
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A map of a 3 km stretch of coast with a cross-section wherever you choose. Set the wave type (constructive or...
Ages 15–16
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Glacial Landscapes – Glacier Advance, Retreat and Landforms
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A map and long profile of a 30 km mountain valley. Change temperature and snowfall to shift the glacier's mass...
Ages 15–16
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River Processes and Landforms – Source to Mouth
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
The long profile of a 100 km river, divided into upper, middle and lower course. Drag the survey site along the...
Ages 15–16
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Relative dating of rock strata – cross-section puzzles, unconformities and the geological time scale
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
Read geological cross-sections like a geologist. Tap the lettered rock units and events from oldest to youngest...
Ages 15–16
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Tectonic plates – divergent, convergent and transform boundaries; earthquakes and volcanoes
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A cross-section of two tectonic plates drifting on a mantle with convection currents. Choose a boundary type: plates...
Ages 11–12
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Mineral and rock identification lab – hardness, streak, lustre, cleavage, density and the acid test
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A virtual practical with ten unknown mineral samples. Scratch each one with a fingernail, a copper coin, a glass...
Ages 15–16
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Internal and External Forces – Folding, Faulting, Erosion and Deposition
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A cross-section of Earth's crust with horizontal rock layers. Choose compression (two plates push together, folding...
Ages 15–16
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Natural Hazard Risk – Impacts and Responses
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
Choose a hazard (earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical cyclone or river flood) and set its size, its distance from...
Ages 15–16
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3D
3D Seismic Waves and Earth's Interior – P- and S-wave Shadow Zones
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A 3D globe cut in half shows the crust, mantle, liquid outer core and solid inner core with their real depths and...
Ages 11–12
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Sediments and past environments – sieve analysis, grain shape, cores and facies maps
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A virtual sediment lab. Shake 200 g of dune, beach, shallow-sea, river or glacial sand through a stack of sieves...
Ages 15–16
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Continental drift – rebuild Pangaea from Wegener's evidence
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A world map with the continents where they are today and the evidence Alfred Wegener used: fossils of Mesosaurus,...
Ages 15–16
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The Rock Cycle – Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A cross-section through mountains, a volcano, a river, the sea and a subducting ocean plate. Pick or tap a rock...
Ages 15–16
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Locating an earthquake – S–P triangulation, Richter magnitude, Mercalli intensity and tsunami warning
Geography · Earth's Structure & Landforms
A seismology lab. Three stations record an earthquake: drag the P and S markers onto the arrivals on each...
Ages 15–16
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Tropical cyclones – formation, structure and storm surge
Geography · Weather & Climate
Set the sea-surface temperature, the latitude where a disturbance starts, the vertical wind shear and the humidity...
Ages 15–16
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Climate graphs of world cities – read, build and classify climates
Geography · Weather & Climate
Monthly temperature (line) and rainfall (bars) for ten cities with different climates: equatorial, tropical monsoon,...
Ages 15–16
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Layers of the atmosphere – temperature, pressure and composition with height
Geography · Weather & Climate
Launch a weather balloon or a sounding rocket up through the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere....
Ages 15–16
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Ice Ages and Climate Change – Milankovitch Cycles, the Sun, Volcanoes and CO₂
Geography · Weather & Climate
Switch each climate driver on or off: the three Milankovitch cycles (eccentricity about 100 000 years, axial tilt...
Ages 15–16
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Air pressure, wind and fronts – Coriolis effect
Geography · Weather & Climate
A pressure map with a draggable high-pressure centre (H) and low-pressure centre (L), with isobars drawn...
Ages 15–16
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El Niño and La Niña – trade winds, upwelling and the Southern Oscillation
Geography · Weather & Climate
A cross-section of the equatorial Pacific from Indonesia to Peru. Drag the trade-wind strength: strong winds pile...
Ages 15–16
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Greenhouse effect – greenhouse gases and Earth's temperature
Geography · Weather & Climate
Watch sunlight reach the ground, then the ground emit infrared radiation, part of which is trapped by greenhouse...
Ages 11–12
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Relief rainfall and the rain shadow – föhn effect over a mountain range
Geography · Weather & Climate
Moist air from the sea meets a mountain range and is forced up the windward slope: it cools at the dry adiabatic...
Ages 15–16
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2D + 3D
Sun Angle by Latitude – Climate Zones and the Greenhouse Effect
Geography · Weather & Climate
A beam of sunlight of equal width strikes the Earth: at the equator the rays hit nearly straight down, so energy is...
Ages 11–12
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Ozone layer: depletion and recovery – UV, CFCs, the ozone hole and the Montreal Protocol
Geography · Weather & Climate
Four linked views of the ozone layer. UV: sunlight passes through an ozone column you choose; UV-C is absorbed...
Ages 15–16
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Climate change responses – emissions pathways, warming and impacts to 2100
Geography · Weather & Climate
Choose mitigation measures (renewable electricity, clean transport, cleaner industry and buildings, energy...
Ages 15–16
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Watershed pollution and water quality testing
Geography · Water & Oceans
A river flows past forest, farmland, a town, a sewage treatment works, a factory and a power plant. Choose the...
Ages 15–16
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Ocean Warming and Acidification – Coral Bleaching and Dissolving Shells
Geography · Water & Oceans
Raise atmospheric CO₂ and sea surface warming and watch the ocean respond: CO₂ dissolves to form H₂CO₃, which...
Ages 15–16
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2D + 3D
Ocean Currents – Winds, the Coriolis Effect and the Global Conveyor Belt
Geography · Water & Oceans
A world map (with an optional 3D globe) of the major surface currents flowing in gyres: warm currents (red) run...
Ages 15–16
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Water supply and scarcity – demand, transfers and groundwater
Geography · Water & Oceans
An imaginary region with a wet, thinly populated northern basin and a dry southern basin with a coastal city and...
Ages 15–16
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Virtual Fieldwork – River and Beach Enquiries
Geography · Water & Oceans
A complete fieldwork enquiry on screen: choose a hypothesis, a sampling strategy (systematic, random or stratified)...
Ages 15–16
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Flood Hydrograph – Storm Rainfall, Land Use and River Floods
Geography · Water & Oceans
A drainage basin (watershed divide, tributaries, confluence, gauging station and a town at the outlet) receives a...
Ages 15–16
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2D + 3D
Tides from Moon–Sun position, and sea waves
Geography · Water & Oceans
Viewed from above the North Pole: the pull of the Moon and Sun heaps ocean water into two tidal bulges; as Earth...
Ages 15–16
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Irrigation and groundwater – efficiency, water table, waterlogging and salinisation
Geography · Water & Oceans
The Irrigated field screen is a cross-section through a dry farming district: choose the irrigation method (flood,...
Ages 15–16
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The water cycle and tides
Geography · Water & Oceans
An animated sea–mountain scene: seawater evaporates under the Sun's heat (evaporation speeds up as temperature...
Ages 11–12
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Cold environments – permafrost, tundra and fragile land
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A cross-section through tundra shows the active layer, permafrost, ice wedges and talik at the end of summer. Warm...
Ages 15–16
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Farming practices and soil – Green Revolution, erosion and sustainable farming
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A field on a hillside is farmed for 30 years. Choose the slope and rainfall, a permanent field or slash-and-burn...
Ages 15–16
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People and Nature: Resource Use and Protection
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A region with forest, a river and a city. Click Run to grow the population year by year: demand for timber, land,...
Ages 11–12
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Soil Layers and Life on Earth
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
On the left, a soil profile forms over time: click Run to see the litter, humus and accumulation layers thicken...
Ages 11–12
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Dose–response and LD50: a virtual toxicity test
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A virtual bioassay in three views. Toxicity test: expose lettuce seeds, brine shrimp larvae or small fish to a...
Ages 17–18
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Solid waste management – landfill, incineration, recycling and composting
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A city produces waste every day: set the rates of prevention, recycling, composting and burning for energy, then run...
Ages 17–18
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Zonality and azonality laws of the geographic envelope
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A map of a hypothetical continent with sea to the west: the vertical axis is latitude from the Equator to 80°, and...
Ages 15–16
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Tropical rainforests – layers, nutrient cycle and deforestation
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A cross-section of a tropical rainforest with emergent, canopy, understorey, shrub and forest-floor layers and their...
Ages 11–12
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Biosphere – vegetation distribution by latitude and altitude
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
The top strip is a cross-section from the Equator to the pole: vegetation and soil groups change into zones running...
Ages 15–16
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Soil texture and properties lab – jar test, texture triangle, porosity, drainage, pH, nutrients and humus
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
A virtual soil lab with six soil samples (coastal dune sand, pine heath soil, garden soil, floodplain soil,...
Ages 15–16
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Acid Rain Lab – Rain pH, Materials, Lakes, Forests and Seeds
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
Set SO₂ and NOₓ emissions and measure the pH of the rain. Test marble, limestone, iron, copper and granite in a drip...
Ages 15–16
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Oil Spill Response Lab – Booms, Skimmers, Dispersants and Sorbents
Geography · Soils, Biosphere & Environment
An oil slick drifts with the wind and current and spreads towards a coast. Deploy booms, skimmers, dispersant...
Ages 15–16
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Migration – push factors, pull factors and intervening obstacles
Geography · Population & Settlement
A map of a rural area (Aven) and three destinations: a nearby city, the more distant capital and a city in a...
Ages 15–16
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Urban Growth Over Time and Planning Choices
Geography · Population & Settlement
A city seen from above: a historic core at the center, with built-up rings spreading outward along transport routes....
Ages 12–13
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World urbanisation 1950–2050 – urban share, megacities and stages of urban change
Geography · Population & Settlement
A world map of the share of people living in urban areas and of megacities (10 million+) for 1950, 1970, 1990, 2018,...
Ages 15–16
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Spatial diffusion – ideas, innovations and disease
Geography · Population & Settlement
In a fictional region with a capital, cities, towns and villages, choose what spreads (an innovation, an idea or an...
Ages 16–17
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Demographic transition model – five stages and their drivers
Geography · Population & Settlement
The demographic transition model with crude birth rate, crude death rate and total population across five stages,...
Ages 15–16
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Urban land-use models – bid rent, Burgess rings, Hoyt sectors, multiple nuclei and regional city models
Geography · Population & Settlement
Bid-rent curves for commercial, industrial and residential users fall with distance from the CBD; the highest bidder...
Ages 15–16
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Population distribution and density – factors, arithmetic, physiological and agricultural density, carrying capacity
Geography · Population & Settlement
A generalised world map of population density with overlays for physical factors (relief, climate, rivers and...
Ages 15–16
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Population pyramid – three shapes and forecasting by birth and death rates
Geography · Population & Settlement
A population pyramid by 5-year age group (male on the left, female on the right) shows three shapes: expansive (wide...
Ages 15–16
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Virtual Fieldwork – Urban Transect Enquiry
Geography · Population & Settlement
A complete human geography enquiry on screen: walk a 3 km transect from the centre of a fictional town to its edge....
Ages 15–16
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Food security – supply, demand, Malthus vs Boserup and strategies
Geography · Global Economy & Development
An imaginary country with population growth, cropland, water, fertiliser, irrigation, droughts, conflict, diet, food...
Ages 16–17
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Development indicators over time – animated bubble chart of GDP, life expectancy and fertility, 1960–2020
Geography · Global Economy & Development
An animated bubble chart of 25 countries from 1960 to 2020: GDP per capita (log scale) on the horizontal axis, life...
Ages 16–17
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Smartphone Global Supply Chain – Who Makes It and Who Earns What
Geography · Global Economy & Development
Follow a smartphone through the stages of a global supply chain on a world map with moving shipments: mining...
Ages 16–17
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Changing employment structure – the Clark–Fisher model and deindustrialisation
Geography · Global Economy & Development
The Clark–Fisher model shows employment shifting from the primary to the secondary and then the tertiary and...
Ages 16–17
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Energy mix planner – energy security, emissions and cost
Geography · Global Economy & Development
Build a country's electricity mix from coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, tidal, solar, wind...
Ages 16–17
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Comparative advantage and trade – two countries, two goods
Geography · Global Economy & Development
Countries A and B both make cloth and wheat, but need different numbers of labour hours per unit. Production...
Ages 16–17
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Developed vs developing countries – GDP per capita, HDI, economic structure and globalization
Geography · Global Economy & Development
Compare nine representative countries using real data: GDP per capita, the Human Development Index (HDI) and GDP...
Ages 16–17
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Tourist area life cycle (Butler model) and carrying capacity
Geography · Global Economy & Development
A fictional beach resort moves through Butler's tourist area life cycle: exploration, involvement, development,...
Ages 17–18
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Asian monsoons and regional rainfall
Geography · Regions & Countries
A hand-drawn map of Asia shows the two pressure centers that drive the monsoons: in winter, the cold, dry Siberian...
Ages 12–13
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European climate and the North Atlantic Drift
Geography · Regions & Countries
A hand-drawn map of Europe is shaded into four climate zones: polar and subpolar, oceanic in the west, continental...
Ages 12–13
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Terrain cross-section of the Americas: windward and leeward slopes
Geography · Regions & Countries
Choose a cross-section through North America (about 40°N) or South America (about 20°S) to see three north–south...
Ages 12–13
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African Climate Zones and Sahel Desertification
Geography · Regions & Countries
A hand-drawn map of Africa shows climate zones lying almost symmetrically across the Equator: humid equatorial in...
Ages 12–13
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Map of the United States: physical, population and economic regions
Geography · Regions & Countries
A self-drawn map of the United States built from latitude/longitude coordinates, divided into the four census...
Ages 16–17
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Russia – territory, time zones and population distribution
Geography · Regions & Countries
A hand-drawn map of the Russian Federation splits the country into four territorial parts from west to east: the...
Ages 16–17
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European Union – enlargement, the euro and economic scale
Geography · Regions & Countries
A hand-drawn map of Europe shows the EU's member states. Drag the year slider from 1957 to 2025 to watch the union...
Ages 16–17
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Map of Latin America: the Amazon rainforest, informal urbanisation and economy
Geography · Regions & Countries
A self-drawn map of Latin America built from latitude/longitude coordinates, colouring eight countries and...
Ages 16–17
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Antarctic Ice Melt – Sea Level Rise on Coral Islands
Geography · Regions & Countries
A map of Antarctica seen from the South Pole: the continent is covered by a thick ice sheet, ringed by sea ice that...
Ages 12–13
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South Africa Map – Provinces, Minerals and Income Inequality
Geography · Regions & Countries
An interactive map of South Africa built from latitude/longitude coordinates, showing its nine provinces. Click a...
Ages 16–17
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Japan Map – Islands, Earthquakes, Ageing Population and Industrial Belt
Geography · Regions & Countries
An interactive map of Japan built from latitude/longitude coordinates, showing the four main islands Hokkaido,...
Ages 16–17
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Australia map: central desert, coastal population and mineral exports
Geography · Regions & Countries
A map of Australia drawn from latitude and longitude coordinates, showing six states and the Northern Territory plus...
Ages 16–17
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Southwest Asia map: arid climate, oil and population
Geography · Regions & Countries
A map of Southwest Asia drawn from latitude and longitude coordinates, showing 13 countries and country groups along...
Ages 16–17
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Map of China: east–west divide, population and economic regions
Geography · Regions & Countries
A hand-drawn map of China built from longitude/latitude coordinates, split into four economic regions — East,...
Ages 16–17
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