Energetics & Thermodynamics

Measure and calculate energy changes: run a calorimetry experiment on HCl + NaOH, calculate ΔH from bond enthalpies, read exothermic and endothermic energy diagrams, and find when a reaction turns spontaneous with Gibbs free energy.

7 interactive Chemistry simulations on energetics & thermodynamics.

Hess's law – enthalpy cycle builder Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics Four screens on Hess's law. Hess cycle: find ΔrH of a reaction through enthalpies of formation, enthalpies of... Ages 15–16
Reaction energy diagram – exothermic vs endothermic Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics An enthalpy diagram plots the reaction path: reactants climb over the activation-energy barrier Ea, then drop to the... Ages 15–16
Bond enthalpies – calculating ΔH of a reaction Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics Pick a gas-phase reaction and watch each bond in the reactants break (energy in), then each bond in the products... Ages 15–16
Gibbs free energy – when a reaction turns spontaneous Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics Whether a reaction proceeds spontaneously is decided by the sign of ΔG = ΔH − TΔS. Drag the temperature to see where... Ages 15–16
Enthalpy of combustion – spirit-burner calorimetry, food energy, bomb calorimeter and fuel comparison Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics A virtual practical: burn methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol in a spirit burner under a... Ages 15–16
Calorimetry – Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl + NaOH Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics A virtual experiment with a polystyrene-cup calorimeter: pour V₁ mL of C₁ M HCl and V₂ mL of C₂ M NaOH (both at 25... Ages 15–16
Dissolving at particle level – hydration, like dissolves like and enthalpy of solution Chemistry · Energetics & Thermodynamics Particles screen: water molecules pull ions off a sodium chloride or potassium nitrate lattice and surround them... Ages 15–16