Kinetics & Equilibrium

Change concentration, temperature, pressure and catalysts and watch rates and equilibria respond: the collision model, gas volume over time, the N₂O₄ ⇌ 2NO₂ shift and the Haber–Bosch ammonia process show Le Chatelier's principle at work.

11 interactive Chemistry simulations on kinetics & equilibrium.

Chemical equilibrium – N₂O₄ ⇌ 2NO₂ shift Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium A sealed flask holds the equilibrium N₂O₄ (colorless) ⇌ 2NO₂ (reddish-brown). Change the temperature or... Ages 16–17
Raoult's law – non-ideal solutions and azeotropes Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium Mix two volatile liquids: set the mole fraction and the temperature, and see the partial pressures and the total... Ages 16–17
Measuring gas volume over time – average and instantaneous rate of reaction Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium Virtual experiment: add CaCO₃ (lumps or powder) or Zn to 50 mL of HCl solution; the CO₂ or H₂ produced pushes out... Ages 15–16
Equilibrium constants Kc and Kp – ICE tables Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium Enter starting amounts for several runs, watch the system reach equilibrium on a concentration–time graph while the... Ages 16–17
Le Chatelier's principle with color – FeSCN²⁺ and cobalt chloride Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium Two colored equilibria in a test tube: Fe³⁺ + SCN⁻ ⇌ FeSCN²⁺ (blood red) and [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (pink) + 4Cl⁻ ⇌ [CoCl₄]²⁻... Ages 16–17
Solubility equilibria – Ksp, the common-ion effect and pH Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium A saturated solution of a sparingly soluble salt (AgCl, PbI₂, Ca(OH)₂, Mg(OH)₂, CaCO₃, BaSO₄), with a magnified view... Ages 16–17
Colligative properties – freezing point, boiling point, vapour pressure and osmosis Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium A virtual lab on colligative properties. Dissolve glucose, urea, ethylene glycol, sodium chloride, calcium chloride... Ages 16–17
Rate of reaction by turbidity and colour – disappearing cross and crystal violet Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium A virtual lab with two ways to measure a rate of reaction without collecting gas. Disappearing cross: Na₂S₂O₃ + HCl... Ages 15–16
Reaction rate – collision model (concentration, temperature, catalyst, surface area) Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium Gas particle A collides with solid B (block or powder); only collisions with enough activation energy form product... Ages 15–16
Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium A reaction vessel holds N₂ and H₂ molecules; once running, they collide and gradually convert to NH₃ until... Ages 16–17
Catalysis – homogeneous, heterogeneous and autocatalysis Chemistry · Kinetics & Equilibrium Five views of how catalysts work: adsorption, bond weakening and desorption on iron (Haber process) and the V₂O₅... Ages 15–16