Genetics

• Variation lab – continuous vs discontinuous, genes vs environment Biology · Genetics A virtual practical on variation: measure height and hand span in a simulated year group (continuous variation:... Ages 17–18
• Gene expression – transcription, translation and regulation Biology · Genetics Place transcription factors, RNA polymerase, ribosomes and an mRNA-degrading enzyme on a stretch of DNA carrying... Ages 17–18
• 3D DNA and RNA Structure in 3D – from Nucleotide to Nucleosome Biology · Genetics A rotatable 3D model of DNA: nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, base) join by phosphodiester bonds into 5′→3′ strands,... Ages 17–18
• Sex determination and X-linked inheritance – Punnett squares and pedigrees Biology · Genetics Three screens on sex chromosomes: an XX × XY Punnett square with simulated families; X-linked crosses for... Ages 17–18
• Gene mutation and its effect on the polypeptide Biology · Genetics Edit one nucleotide on the template strand: substitution, insertion or deletion. The simulation re-runs... Ages 17–18
• Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, selection and genetic drift Biology · Genetics A randomly mating population with two alleles A and a: genotype frequencies p², 2pq and q² are calculated and... Ages 17–18
• Gene linkage – crossing over and genetic mapping Biology · Genetics Two genes sit on the same chromosome: drag the distance between them to change the recombination frequency and watch... Ages 17–18
• Karyotypes and non-disjunction – building a human karyogram Biology · Genetics Build a karyogram from a cell in metaphase: drag 46 chromosomes into pairs by length, centromere position and... Ages 17–18
• Dihybrid cross: independent assortment, gene linkage and crossing over Biology · Genetics A two-gene Punnett square shows each parent's gametes and their frequencies, cells colour-coded by phenotype, and... Ages 17–18
• DNA Replication – the Replication Fork and the Meselson–Stahl Experiment Biology · Genetics An animated replication fork: helicase unwinds the DNA, primase lays RNA primers, DNA polymerase III extends new... Ages 17–18
• Transcription, translation and point mutations Biology · Genetics From a gene's template strand, RNA polymerase builds mRNA one nucleotide at a time by base-pairing (A–U, T–A, G–C,... Ages 17–18
• Beyond Mendel – incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis and the chi-squared test Biology · Genetics A cross simulator for nine inheritance patterns: complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles... Ages 17–18

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