CBSE Class 11 and 12 Chemistry: revision path with simulations

The CBSE Chemistry (043) syllabus for Classes 11 and 12 in unit order: physical, inorganic and organic chemistry, then biomolecules. Each topic links to simulations that show it working. The lab practicals (titrations, salt analysis, chromatography) are marked, as are the topics in the theory exam; units kept only for formative assessment are not.

94 topics · 92 simulations · 19 practicals

Class 11

Laws of chemical combination and Dalton's atomic theory Exam topicXI Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Physical and chemical changes – evidence bench
Atomic and molecular masses; mole concept and molar mass Exam topicXI Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- The Mole, Molar Mass and Avogadro's Number – Counting Particles by Weighing
Percentage composition; empirical and molecular formulae Exam topicXI Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Empirical formula lab – magnesium oxide, water of crystallisation and combustion analysis
Stoichiometry and limiting reagent Exam topicXI Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Limiting Reactant and Percentage Yield – Stoichiometry with Particles
Concentration: molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percent Exam topicXI Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Molarity – moles, volume and concentration
- Preparing solutions – percentage concentration, molar concentration and dilution
Uncertainty in measurement; significant figures Exam topicXI Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Measurement error in repeated length readings
Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; e/m and charge of the electron Exam topicXI Unit 2 Structure of Atom
- Charged particles in a uniform electric field – electron gun and deflection tube
Thomson and Rutherford models Exam topicXI Unit 2 Structure of Atom
- Rutherford scattering – alpha particles, the nucleus and the Thomson model
Electromagnetic radiation, Planck's quantum theory, photoelectric effect Exam topicXI Unit 2 Structure of Atom
- Photoelectric effect and light quanta
- Electromagnetic spectrum explorer – wavelength, frequency, photon energy, sources, uses and dangers
Bohr model and the hydrogen spectrum (Lyman, Balmer series) Exam topicXI Unit 2 Structure of Atom
- Models of the hydrogen atom – light and spectra
- Ionization energies and photoelectron spectra
Dual nature of matter and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle Exam topicXI Unit 2 Structure of Atom
- Electron diffraction and the de Broglie wavelength – diffraction tube, double slit, electron microscope
Aufbau, Pauli and Hund's rules; electronic configuration Exam topicXI Unit 2 Structure of Atom
- Electron Configuration – Atoms Z = 1–36
Modern periodic law and the s-, p-, d-, f-blocks Exam topicXI Unit 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity
- Periodic table structure – cells, periods and groups
Periodic trends: radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity Exam topicXI Unit 3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity
- Periodic trends (atomic radius, electronegativity, ionisation energy)
- Ionization energies and photoelectron spectra
Kossel–Lewis approach, octet rule, formal charge, ionic bond Exam topicXI Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Lewis structures – formal charge, resonance and dative bonds
- Ionic vs covalent bonding – atomic models (NaCl, MgO, Cl₂, HCl, H₂O, CO₂, N₂)
Bond parameters, resonance, polarity and dipole moment Exam topicXI Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Molecule polarity – electronegativity, bond dipoles and molecular dipoles
- Lewis structures – formal charge, resonance and dative bonds
VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules Exam topicXI Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Molecule shapes – build bonds and lone pairs, measure bond angles (VSEPR)
- VSEPR Molecular Shapes in 3D – Bonding Pairs, Lone Pairs and Bond Angles
Valence bond theory and hybridisation (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d²) Exam topicXI Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Orbital Hybridisation in 3D – sp³, sp², sp, Sigma and Pi Bonds
Hydrogen bonding Exam topicXI Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Hydrogen Bonding and the Boiling Points of Hydrides
- Intermolecular forces and boiling points – London, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonding
System, surroundings, state functions, work, heat and the first law Exam topicXI Unit 5 Thermodynamics
- Ideal gas – pV = nRT in a cylinder
Calorimetry: measuring ΔU and ΔH Exam topicXI Unit 5 Thermodynamics
- Enthalpy of combustion – spirit-burner calorimetry, food energy, bomb calorimeter and fuel comparison
- Calorimetry – Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl + NaOH
Enthalpies of reaction, Hess's law, bond and lattice enthalpies Exam topicXI Unit 5 Thermodynamics
- Hess's law – enthalpy cycle builder
- Bond enthalpies – calculating ΔH of a reaction
Spontaneity, entropy and Gibbs energy Exam topicXI Unit 5 Thermodynamics
- Gibbs free energy – when a reaction turns spontaneous
Equilibrium in physical processes Exam topicXI Unit 6 Equilibrium
- Dissolving at particle level – hydration, like dissolves like and enthalpy of solution
Law of equilibrium, Kc, Kp, reaction quotient, K and ΔG Exam topicXI Unit 6 Equilibrium
- Equilibrium constants Kc and Kp – ICE tables
Factors affecting equilibrium (Le Chatelier) Exam topicXI Unit 6 Equilibrium
- Chemical equilibrium – N₂O₄ ⇌ 2NO₂ shift
- Le Chatelier's principle with color – FeSCN²⁺ and cobalt chloride
- Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃
Acids and bases (Arrhenius, Brønsted, Lewis), ionisation, Ka, Kw and pH Exam topicXI Unit 6 Equilibrium
- Strong vs Weak Acids – Same Concentration, What Differs?
- Acid–base solutions – strong vs weak and measuring pH
- pH scale – measuring and mixing acids and bases
Common-ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and buffer solutions Exam topicXI Unit 6 Equilibrium
- Buffer Solutions – Why Does the pH Hardly Change?
Solubility product of sparingly soluble salts Exam topicXI Unit 6 Equilibrium
- Solubility equilibria – Ksp, the common-ion effect and pH
Redox as electron transfer; oxidation number Exam topicXI Unit 7 Redox Reactions
- Oxidation Numbers – Practice with the Rules
- Redox colour tests – KMnO₄ and KI, vanadium oxidation states and Fe²⁺ titration
Balancing redox equations Exam topicXI Unit 7 Redox Reactions
- Balancing redox equations – the electron balance method
Redox reactions and electrode processes Exam topicXI Unit 7 Redox Reactions
- Galvanic cells and electrolysis – standard electrode potentials
- Metals in salt solutions – predicting reactions from standard electrode potentials
Tetravalence of carbon, hybridisation and shapes of organic molecules Exam topicXI Unit 8 Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
- 3D Hydrocarbon Models – Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Benzene, and Br₂ Addition
- Orbital Hybridisation in 3D – sp³, sp², sp, Sigma and Pi Bonds
Structural representations, classification and IUPAC nomenclature Exam topicXI Unit 8 Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
- 3D Functional Groups – Identify Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Esters, Amines and Amides
- Structural isomers of alkanes C₄–C₇ and boiling points
Isomerism: structural and stereoisomerism Exam topicXI Unit 8 Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
- Structural isomers of alkanes C₄–C₇ and boiling points
- 3D Stereoisomerism – Cis–Trans (E/Z) and Optical Isomers
Reaction mechanism basics: fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles, inductive and resonance effects, hyperconjugation Exam topicXI Unit 8 Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
- SN1 and SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanisms
- Benzene – Delocalisation and Electrophilic Substitution
Purification: crystallisation, distillation, chromatography, extraction Exam topicXI Unit 8 Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
- Organic compound separation – distillation, extraction, TLC and paper chromatography
- Recrystallization and melting point – purifying and identifying organic solids
Quantitative analysis: C, H, N (Dumas, Kjeldahl), halogens (Carius) Exam topicXI Unit 8 Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles
- Empirical formula lab – magnesium oxide, water of crystallisation and combustion analysis
Alkanes: conformations, preparation, free-radical halogenation Exam topicXI Unit 9 Hydrocarbons
- Free-Radical Substitution – Halogenation of Alkanes
- Structural isomers of alkanes C₄–C₇ and boiling points
Alkenes: geometrical isomerism, Markovnikov addition, peroxide effect, ozonolysis Exam topicXI Unit 9 Hydrocarbons
- Cracking and Alkenes – Virtual Lab, Equations and Addition Reactions
- 3D Stereoisomerism – Cis–Trans (E/Z) and Optical Isomers
Alkynes: acidity and addition reactions Exam topicXI Unit 9 Hydrocarbons
- 3D Hydrocarbon Models – Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Benzene, and Br₂ Addition
Aromatic hydrocarbons: aromaticity, electrophilic substitution, directive influence Exam topicXI Unit 9 Hydrocarbons
- Benzene – Delocalisation and Electrophilic Substitution
s-block: trends in groups 1 and 2 XI formative: s- and p-Block Elements
- Group 1, Group 0 and transition metals – reactivity and trends
- Group 1/2 flame colors and water hardness treatment
p-block: trends in groups 13–18 and anomalous first members Exam topicXI formative: s- and p-Block Elements
- Group 17 halogens – color, state and oxidizing power
- Oxides of Period 3 – acidic, basic and amphoteric (virtual lab)
- Group 1, Group 0 and transition metals – reactivity and trends
Gas laws, ideal gas equation and deviation from ideal behaviour XI formative: The Gaseous State
- Ideal gas – pV = nRT in a cylinder
- Gas properties – pressure, temperature, volume and diffusion
Melting point of an organic compound PracticalXI Practical B1
- Recrystallization and melting point – purifying and identifying organic solids
Boiling point of an organic compound PracticalXI Practical B2
- Organic compound separation – distillation, extraction, TLC and paper chromatography
Crystallisation of alum, copper sulphate or benzoic acid PracticalXI Practical B3
- Recrystallization and melting point – purifying and identifying organic solids
- Making a salt – copper sulfate crystals from an insoluble base and acid
pH of fruit juices and solutions; strong and weak acids compared; pH change in a titration PracticalXI Practical C1
- pH scale – measuring and mixing acids and bases
- Strong vs Weak Acids – Same Concentration, What Differs?
- Acid–Base Titration and the Titration Curve
pH change by the common ion in weak acids and weak bases PracticalXI Practical C2
- Buffer Solutions – Why Does the pH Hardly Change?
Shift in equilibrium between ferric and thiocyanate ions, and between [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and chloride ions PracticalXI Practical D
- Le Chatelier's principle with color – FeSCN²⁺ and cobalt chloride
Standard solution of oxalic acid; strength of NaOH by titrating against it PracticalExam topicXI Practical E1-E3
- Acid–Base Titration and the Titration Curve
- Preparing solutions – percentage concentration, molar concentration and dilution
Standard solution of sodium carbonate; strength of HCl by titrating against it PracticalExam topicXI Practical E4-E5
- Acid–Base Titration and the Titration Curve
Qualitative salt analysis: one cation and one anion PracticalExam topicXI Practical F1
- Identifying ions in salts – flame tests and precipitate tests

Class 12

Types of solutions and concentration terms Exam topicXII Unit 1 Solutions
- Molarity – moles, volume and concentration
- Preparing solutions – percentage concentration, molar concentration and dilution
Solubility of solids and gases; Henry's law Exam topicXII Unit 1 Solutions
- Dissolving at particle level – hydration, like dissolves like and enthalpy of solution
Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials Exam topicXII Unit 2 Electrochemistry
- Galvanic cells and electrolysis – standard electrode potentials
- Metals in salt solutions – predicting reactions from standard electrode potentials
Nernst equation; cell potential, ΔG and K Exam topicXII Unit 2 Electrochemistry
- Galvanic cells and electrolysis – standard electrode potentials
Conductance, molar conductivity and Kohlrausch's law Exam topicXII Unit 2 Electrochemistry
- Conductivity – Kohlrausch's law and conductometric titration
Electrolysis, products and Faraday's laws Exam topicXII Unit 2 Electrochemistry
- Electroplating and Faraday's Laws – Copper, Silver and Nickel Plating a Key or Spoon
- Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions with Inert Electrodes
Batteries and fuel cells Exam topicXII Unit 2 Electrochemistry
- Batteries and fuel cells – simple, rechargeable and fuel cells
Corrosion Exam topicXII Unit 2 Electrochemistry
- Electrochemical corrosion of metals (Fe–Cu, Fe–Zn, Fe–Sn) and sacrificial protection
Rate of reaction and factors affecting it Exam topicXII Unit 3 Chemical Kinetics
- Reaction rate – collision model (concentration, temperature, catalyst, surface area)
- Measuring gas volume over time – average and instantaneous rate of reaction
Rate law, order, molecularity and rate constant Exam topicXII Unit 3 Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of reaction by turbidity and colour – disappearing cross and crystal violet
Integrated rate equations (zero and first order) and half-life Exam topicXII Unit 3 Chemical Kinetics
- Rate of reaction by turbidity and colour – disappearing cross and crystal violet
Temperature dependence, Arrhenius equation and collision theory Exam topicXII Unit 3 Chemical Kinetics
- Reaction rate – collision model (concentration, temperature, catalyst, surface area)
- Rate of reaction by turbidity and colour – disappearing cross and crystal violet
Transition elements: configuration, oxidation states, colour, magnetism, catalysis Exam topicXII Unit 4 d- and f-Block Elements
- Group 1, Group 0 and transition metals – reactivity and trends
- Transition Metal Complexes – Color, Coordination Number, and Geometry
Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate Exam topicXII Unit 4 d- and f-Block Elements
- Redox colour tests – KMnO₄ and KI, vanadium oxidation states and Fe²⁺ titration
Werner's theory, terminology and nomenclature Exam topicXII Unit 5 Coordination Compounds
- Transition Metal Complexes – Color, Coordination Number, and Geometry
Bonding: VBT, crystal field theory, colour and magnetism; metal carbonyls Exam topicXII Unit 5 Coordination Compounds
- Transition Metal Complexes – Color, Coordination Number, and Geometry
- Complex ion formation constants – stepwise ligand binding
Classification, nomenclature, C–X bond and preparation Exam topicXII Unit 6 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- 3D Functional Groups – Identify Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Esters, Amines and Amides
- Organic Synthesis Route Planner – Reagents, Conditions, Yield and Atom Economy
SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, stereochemistry, elimination Exam topicXII Unit 6 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- SN1 and SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanisms
- Substitution vs elimination – SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 competition in haloalkanes
Alcohols: preparation, classification and reactions Exam topicXII Unit 7 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alcohol classification and the reactions of alcohols and phenol
- Organic Synthesis Route Planner – Reagents, Conditions, Yield and Atom Economy
Phenols: acidity and electrophilic substitution, Kolbe and Reimer–Tiemann Exam topicXII Unit 7 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alcohol classification and the reactions of alcohols and phenol
Carbonyl group, preparation and physical properties Exam topicXII Unit 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Organic Synthesis Route Planner – Reagents, Conditions, Yield and Atom Economy
- 3D Functional Groups – Identify Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Esters, Amines and Amides
Nucleophilic addition, Tollens' and Fehling's tests, aldol, Cannizzaro, haloform Exam topicXII Unit 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Reversible Esterification and the Silver Mirror Test
Carboxylic acids: acidity, substituent effects and reactions Exam topicXII Unit 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Strong vs Weak Acids – Same Concentration, What Differs?
- Reversible Esterification and the Silver Mirror Test
Carbohydrates: glucose structure, anomers, disaccharides, polysaccharides Exam topicXII Unit 10 Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates: structure, hydrolysis and identification reactions
- Carbohydrates and lipids – building molecules, bonds and functions
Proteins: amino acids, peptide bond, structure, denaturation Exam topicXII Unit 10 Biomolecules
- Amino acids: ionic forms with pH, isoelectric point and peptide bonds
- Protein Structure in 3D – from Amino Acids to Quaternary Structure
Enzymes Exam topicXII Unit 10 Biomolecules
- Enzyme activity vs. temperature, pH, substrate concentration and inhibitors
Nucleic acids Exam topicXII Unit 10 Biomolecules
- DNA and RNA Structure in 3D – from Nucleotide to Nucleosome
Hormones Exam topicXII Unit 10 Biomolecules
- Endocrine system – glands, hormones and feedback loops
Concentration, oxidation, reduction, electrolytic method and refining XII formative: Isolation of Elements
- Extracting metals – carbon reduction, the blast furnace, electrolysis of alumina and bio-extraction
Polymerisation, homopolymers and copolymers XII formative: Polymers
- Addition polymerisation: monomers joining into a polymer chain (PE, PP, PVC, PTFE, PS)
- Condensation polymerisation – polyesters (PET), nylon-6,6 and proteins
Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and HCl PracticalExam topicXII Practical B1
- Rate of reaction by turbidity and colour – disappearing cross and crystal violet
Rate of reaction of iodide ions with H₂O₂, or the iodate–sulphite clock reaction PracticalExam topicXII Practical B2
- Rate of reaction by turbidity and colour – disappearing cross and crystal violet
Enthalpy of dissolution (CuSO₄, KNO₃), enthalpy of neutralisation, enthalpy change on mixing acetone and chloroform PracticalExam topicXII Practical C
- Dissolving at particle level – hydration, like dissolves like and enthalpy of solution
- Calorimetry – Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl + NaOH
Variation of cell potential of Zn/Zn²⁺‖Cu²⁺/Cu with electrolyte concentration PracticalExam topicXII Practical D
- Galvanic cells and electrolysis – standard electrode potentials
Paper chromatography of pigments from leaves and flowers; Rf values PracticalExam topicXII Practical E1
- Organic compound separation – distillation, extraction, TLC and paper chromatography
- Absorption and action spectra of photosynthesis – pigments, Engelmann's experiment and chromatography
Chromatographic separation of two cations PracticalExam topicXII Practical E2
- Organic compound separation – distillation, extraction, TLC and paper chromatography
Tests for unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino groups PracticalExam topicXII Practical H
- Reversible Esterification and the Silver Mirror Test
- Alcohol classification and the reactions of alcohols and phenol
- Cracking and Alkenes – Virtual Lab, Equations and Addition Reactions
Tests for carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuffs PracticalExam topicXII Practical I
- Food tests – sugars, starch, protein and fats in unknown foods
- Protein coagulation and the biuret test
KMnO₄ titration against oxalic acid and ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr's salt) PracticalExam topicXII Practical J
- Redox colour tests – KMnO₄ and KI, vanadium oxidation states and Fe²⁺ titration
- Titration of unknowns – vinegar, juice and hydrogen peroxide
Qualitative salt analysis: one cation and one anion PracticalExam topicXII Practical K
- Identifying ions in salts – flame tests and precipitate tests

Topics follow the published curriculum; the mapping to simulations is by Simulic. Simulic is not affiliated with CBSE or NCERT.